Salyut launch program cost

The station featured upgraded computers and solar arrays, and accommodations for two cosmonauts each having their own cabin. A total of six docking ports were available on the Mir Core Module, which were used for space station modules and visiting spacecraft — the docking sphere design had been upgraded from its initial Salyut design to contain a maximum of five docking ports front, port, starboard, zenith and nadir.

And finally, the modules for Mir were derived from the Functional Cargo Block design of the Almaz programme. However, it was during the time of Mir that the Soviet Union was dissolved in , ending what was began with the October Revolution in Russia.

This dissolution had started with the Soviet " perestroika and glasnost " "restructuring and openness" reform campaigns by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the s, had reached a preliminary endpoint with the revolutions of and the end of the communist Eastern Bloc Warsaw Pact and the CoMEcon , finally to reach the Soviet Union itself in While the Russian Federation became the successor to much of the dissolved Soviet Union and was in a position to continue the Soviet space program with the Russian Federal Space Agency , it faced severe difficulties: imports and exports had steeply declined as the economic exchange with CoMEcon nations had crumbled away, leaving the industry of the former Soviet Union in shambles.

Not only did the political change in eastern Europe signify an end of contributions to the space program by eastern European nations such as the East German Carl Zeiss Jena , but parts of the Soviet space industry were located in the newly independent Ukraine , which was similarly cash-strapped as Russia and started to demand hard currency for its contributions. It was during this time of transition and upheaval that the Shuttle—Mir Program was established between the Russian Federation and the United States in The former adversaries would now cooperate, with "Phase One" consisting of joint missions and flights of the US Space Shuttle to the Mir space station.

It was a partnership with stark contrasts — Russia needed an inflow of hard currency to keep their space program aloft, while in the US it was seen as a chance to learn from the over 20 years of experience of Soviet space station operations.

DOS-8 evolved into the Mir-2 project, intended to replace Mir. From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. Jump to: navigation , search. File:Salyut program insignia. Main article: Salyut 1. File:Salyut1 with docked Soyuz spacecraft. Main article: Salyut 2. Main article: Kosmos Main article: Salyut 3. Main article: Salyut 4. Main article: Salyut 5. File:Salyut 6. Main article: Salyut 6.

Main article: Salyut 7. Rossiskiye Vesti. Chertok, Rocekts and People, Vol. The Story of Manned Space Stations: an introduction. Berlin: Springer. ISBN Retrieved 24 August Salyut programme. Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Visitors Spacewalks. Almaz program. Almaz-T Kosmos Almaz 1 Almaz 2 not flown. Space stations and habitats. Tiangong Tiangong Tiangong Tiangong-2 Tiangong-3 Chinese space station. Bigelow Aerospace. Bigelow Commercial Space Station.

Excalibur Almaz. Almaz commercial. Soviet and Russian government manned space programs. List of Soviet manned space missions List of Russian manned space missions. Spaceflight lists and timelines. Mishin says they are right on schedule.. Salyut preparations -.

Flight : Soyuz When DOS 1 was cleared for flight, it still had discrepancies, of which only 10 were duplicates and 20 were purely cosmetic. Preparations for launch of Soyuz 10 were complicated by problems with the logic of the abort system. This was supposed to put the spacecraft in a purely ballistic re-entry mode.

DOS cosmonauts fly to Tyuratam. VVS medical officers have to battle outbreaks of measles, rabies, and dysentery at the cosmodrome. The crews are medically isolated in the Hotel Kosmonavt. In the evening they watch the film ' Spartans'. Related Persons : Dobrovolsky , Leonov , Shatalov. The station is fully complete. Only small defects have been noted. This is the first look by the crews at their future home in space in its fully completed version.

On the bus back to the hotel the cosmonauts discuss the poor quality and inedibility of 'space food'. Cosmodrome jammed for series of historic launches. Related Persons : Nikolayev , Volynov. Nikolayev and others are flying to the cosmodrome. All of the cosmonauts except Volynov will be present for the historic launch of the first space station.

Kamanin has an argument with the cosmonauts on the necessity of working out on the KTF trainer during the mission. Zarya renamed Salyut -.

Program : Lunar L3 , Salyut. Spacecraft : Salyut 1 , Shuguang 1. All of the pressure on the N1 project was going on simultaneously with the launch preparations for DOS 1. The Central Committee had approved the name 'Zarya' Dawn for the station, but it was felt that this name might offend the Chinese, who's secret new manned spacecraft was also called 'Dawn' it is interesting that Chertok and the Soviet space community was aware of this in - the existence of the nascent Chinese manned space project of that name was not revealed publicly in the West until !

After some hurried consultations, it was decided to give the station the public name 'Salyut' although the vehicle rolled out to the pad still had 'Zarya' emblazoned on the payload shroud -- but these pictures were not revealed until the 's. Salyut 1 cleared for roll-out.

Chelomei is ill. Mishin takes the opportunity to insult him by replacing Chelomei with Mishin's man on the commission that will judge the UR's readiness for launch. Nevertheless, the commission clears the booster to be moved out to the pad on 15 April, with launch set for 19 April at In the evening Beregovoi's 50th birthday is celebrated. Salyut 1 erected on pad. The Proton booster is erected on the pad.

All of the big brass are present for the rollout. Afterwards Mishin visits the cosmonauts. He says all is ready for the first space station mission, and promises them the N1-L3 will be available soon for lunar missions.

Program : Lunar L3 , Salyut , Almaz. The contrast between the money lavished by the military on this facility for Chelomei's projects and the limited funds available for a proper N1 preparation and test facilities was enormous. Here funds were available without limit. The air was controlled by a self-contained environmental control system with its own independent electrical-diesel generators.

The facility was a miracle. It was shocking that this was made available for Almaz, while the military told Mishin that he would have to prepare the immense MKBS station in the uncontrolled environment, subject to frequent power blackouts, of the N1 facility. At Chelomei's facility, everything was completely checked out on earth prior to launch.

More brass arrive at Baikonur to view the launch of Salyut 1. All is on schedule at Area Launch Site : Baikonur. Salyut 1 -. Mass : 18, kg 40, lb. Agency : MOM.

Duration : Decay Date : Apogee : km mi. Perigee : km mi. Inclination : Period : First manned space station. Salyut 1 included a number of military experiments, including the OD-4 optical visual ranger, the Orion ultraviolet instrument for characterising rocket plumes, and the highly classified Svinets radiometer.

Primary objectives included photography of the earth, spectrographs of the earth's horizon, experiments with intense gamma rays, and studying manual methods for station orientation. At the State Commission and their guests arrive at the Area 95 observation point to view the launch. The tracking station reports good orbital insertion, separation from the third stage, and antennae and solar panel deployment. But the cover of the scientific equipment bay does not separate.

This will mean that many experiments cannot be accomplished. It is decided to launch the crew to the station anyway, since the station is otherwise functioning normally. The cosmonauts go to the baths in the evening. DOS State Commission. Six of eight fans in the ECS have failed. There are only two back-ups, which are not enough for the day active mission life planed.

But it is decided the problem could actually be failed sensors, and in any case the first crew can easily repair the fans. At the State Commission meets publicly radio and television coverage to approve the launch of Soyuz Launch is set for 22 April at Soyuz 10 docking failure.

Soyuz 10 approached to m from Salyut 1 automatically. It was hand docked after faillure of the automatic system, but hard docking could not be achieved because of the angle of approach. Post-flight analysis indicated that the cosmonauts had no instrument to proivde the angle and range rate data necessary for a successful manual docking.

Soyuz 10 was connected to the station for 5 hours and 30 minutes. Despite the lack of hard dock, it was said that the crew were unable to enter the station due to a faulty hatch on their own spacecraft. When Shatalov tried to undock from the Salyut, the jammed hatch impeded the docking mechanism, preventing undocking. After several attempts he was unable to undock and land. EVA to Salyut discussed. The Soyuz 10 crew receive awards at the Kremlin. Rukavishnikov is made a Hero of the Soviet Union, which means he will receive 5, roubles, a Volga automobile, and other privileges.

Kamanin calls Mishin later in the day. Mishin wants to send up a two-man crew in Soyuz 11, in space suits. One of them will make a spacewalk to examine the docking collar on the Salyut station prior to docking and remove the cover from the scientific sensor bay. Kamanin is infuriated. Seven to eight months ago the VVS had asked Mishin about the possibility of carrying at least one spacesuit aboard the Soyuz or Salyut and the possibility of making an EVA.

He categorically rejected the idea. At that time he said it was practically impossible. There are insufficient oxygen reserves aboard the station for a full depressurisation. It would reduce the oxygen to a day supply, and 45 to 50 days worth of reserves are required by mission rules. A cosmonaut meeting is called to discuss the matter. But an EVA on Soyuz 11 is not possible. There EVA equipment and have not been manufactured. Two to three months would be required to fabricate the suits and equipment and to train for the EVA.

Salyut 1 can only last 60 to 70 days. Soyuz 11 EVA pushed. At the Soyuz 10 crew has the traditional post-flight meeting with the Central Committee, followed by speeches at before the workers and engineers at TsKBEM. The truth about the flight is not revealed. Kamanin fumes that Mishin still hasn't reliable solved the problem of automated space docking, on which he began work in Frolov reports to Kamanin on a meeting of the general designers.

Mishin has planned the Soyuz 11 launch for June, to be followed by Soyuz 12 in July. The reworked docking mechanism will be ready for installation on Soyuz 11 by 18 May.

Mishin recommends a full automated docking for the next mission. Related Persons : Kutakhov , Mishin , Smirnov. Mishin guarantees to Smirnov that Soyuz 11 will be able to dock to Salyut 1. He also promises thirty-day missions for both Soyuz 11 and Soyuz But there is a problem with this last promise -- Soyuz 12 won't launch until July, which will be after the guaranteed life of the Salyut 1 station.

Kamanin protests the decision. Smirnov points out that they must fulfil the resolutions of the Communist Party without question. But he reassures Kamanin that they will take everything one step at a time, keeping the safety of the crew in mind. Kutakhov also does not support the decision, but orders must be followed. Soyuz 11 launch considerations argued. Related Persons : Feoktistov , Mishin , Ustinov. The crews are continuing training for Soyuz Mishin expects launch on 6 June.

He is not opposed to limiting the flight duration to 25 days, necessary in order to make a landing in daytime at the end of the mission. Kamanin doesn't trust this change of heart - he asks the VVS ballistics section to confirm Mishin's calculations. Feoktistov visits Kamanin. He wants to be on the fourth crew to fly to DOS 2. VVS ballistics calls back.

A launch as late as June would still allow a daytime landing after 25 days. However from day 6 to 24 of the flight retrofire would be on the night side, and could only be accomplished using the technique of Soyuz 10 - aligning the spacecraft on the day side, spinning up the gyro platform, and using the gyros for night-side orientation during retrofire.

At a meeting of the Central Committee, Kamanin fights with Ustinov for the safety of the crew. After a three-hour debate the majority of those present are still worried about the reliability of the docking system.

But nevertheless the decision is made to proceed with Soyuz Feoktistov pushed for flight to DOS 2. Related Persons : Feoktistov , Tregub. Tregub calls Kamanin to promote Feoktistov's plan to participate in a flight to a Salyut station.. Soyuz 11 crews arrive at Tyuratam. The Salyut crews arrive at Tyuratam and see the new reinforced docking system for the first time.

Then they go to Area 2 to prepare their flight plans. Aferwards they train from to aboard Soyuz But due to the parallel work on revising the Igla system, the systems are not all updated yet. The cosmonauts have no confidence in the new system, and can only say they 'probably' have a better chance of success in docking than before. Problems with Salyut station atmosphere. Kamanin is advised that the atmosphere aboard Salyut 1 is now all right.

He finds the news disturbing, since he was not informed until then that there was a problem! Feoktistov outlines the modifications made to Soyuz 11 compared to Soyuz 10 to the cosmonauts. The reinforcement of the docking ring system has added 10 kg to the spacecraft. Consumables are carried that increase the time for autonomous flight from three to four days. NL launch commission -.

Related Persons : Isayev , Mishin , Pilyugin. Program : Lunar L3. The review of launch preparations veers off into a discussion of what the booster was now for. Mishin had never been told that the N1-L3 development was lagging. It had no priority with the leadership. Meanwhile it was finally recognised that a single-launch scenario was simply impossible, and two N1 launches would be needed to accomplish the lunar landing.

But there was no political will to tell the Politburo the bad news -- that two N1's would be needed to be launched to accomplish the landing. The final conclusion was that the bureau needed a new direction, a project with national priority, like the DOS station. Strategic rocket work could be ruled out, as there were already too many players in that field.

Soyuz 11 docks with Salyut 1. Related Persons : Dobrovolsky , Patsayev , Volkov. Aboard Soyuz 11, the Igla automatic rendezvous and docking system is switched on when the spacecrafft is 7 km from Salyut 1.

There is no manual intervention in the process; Dobrovolsky simply makes reports to the ground of the rendezvous and docking system's progress.

Docking itself takes place out of tracking range. There is considerable suspense in mission control during the minute wait until reacquisition. Before leaving radio contact, telemetry showed a signal that the docking mechanism had depressurised, which would have prevented the cosmonauts from opening the hatch and entering the space station. But when the station comes back in view, it turns out that all went normally and the crew has already entered the station.

Patsayev entered first, turned on the air regenerator, and replaced two failed fans. The crew report that the station atmosphere is unpleasant, with a strong burned smell. It will take 20 hours for all of the air in the station to cycle through the ECS scrubbers, so the crew is told to spend the first night aboard their Soyuz. Soyuz 11 powered down and crew begins long-duration mission aboard Salyut 1. When the crew awakes, the station air is all right, and all eight fans and filters of the ECS are operating.

Soyuz 11 is powered down and put in storage mode. The crew begins the DOS work program. But they have not yet put on their Penguin training suits and are not yet following the exercise program. Clearly, they are not taking the necessary steps to adapt to zero-G and preserve their health for their return.

They take control of the station for the first time, making an orbital correction manoeuvre, and then orienting the station and its solar panels fully toward the sun.

The world press is full of the great news of a new Soviet victory - the first station in space. Soyuz Kontakt and DOS-2 crew assignments made. Crews are formed for six Soyuz Kontakt? Leonov and Gubarev will have their crews fully ready for Soyuz 12 by 30 June, for a launch date between July. Leonov is asking to go to East Germany for two to three days in the first week of July. Kamanin is fully opposed to this - he is thinkng not of his upcoming flight, but the exhibition of his paintings at the Prezdensk Gallery!

Soyuz 11 Day 11 - fire aboard the station. Kamanin is to fly back to Yevpatoriya in the afternoon. Chelomei is often ill lately -- Mishin is using the opportunity to lobby Ustinov and Smirnov to kill Almaz, and increase the DOS-7K order from four to ten. Mishin killed Kozlov's Soyuz VI in a similar manner. Kamanin is having trouble with the leadership in allowing Volynov to be assigned to another crew. As Kamanin is on the way to the airport, a serious situation develops aboard the station.

At the cosmonauts report a strong burning smell, and smoke in the station. The crew evacuates the station and retreat to the Soyuz lifeboat. Forty minutes later, just as Kamanin is boarding the Tu, Shatalov reports that the mission will continue, but the situation aboard the station is not comfortable.

The crew has turned off the primary oxygen regenerator and exchanged the filters of the oxygen supply and reserve regenerator.

At Kamanin finally boards the aircraft, which takes off and sets course for the Crimea. At they are ordered to turn around and land at Chkalovksy Airfield outside Moscow. The whole thing turns out to be a banal mistake by one of the officers at an air traffic control station!

They lose two hours in the process. No information is available when the Tu finally lands at Saki, since Nikolayev and the other cosmonauts who attended the emergency meetings had taken off to return to Moscow three hours earlier. Kamanin finally arrives at Yevpatoriya at , in time for a comms session with Dobrovolsky and Patsayev Volkov is sleeping. The Soyuz 11 crew reports that the training suits are very tiring.

Dobrovolsky reports all is now normal otherwise. He requests permission to continue the flight. Bykovsky reports that the situation on the station is now stable. There is no more smoke or burning smell, but the crew has been overloaded in the last six hours. Two days later, Soyuz 10 lifted off, carrying a crew of three toward the space station with the intention of remaining in space for 30 days.

The cosmonauts attempted to dock with Salyut 1, but although they were able to lock onto the station, a problem with the hatch kept them from being able to enter it. They returned home early and unsuccessful.

During the re-entry process, a problem rendered the air supply of Soyuz 10 toxic, and one of the cosmonauts slipped into unconsciousness. All three survived with no long-term effects.

On June 6, Soyuz 11 transported cosmonauts Georgi Dobrovolski, Vladislav Vokov, and Viktor Patsayev to Salyut 1, where after three hours, they successfully docked with the station. They remained on board for orbits in the course of just over three weeks, setting a new space endurance record. On June 16, smoke from a control panel caused the crew to consider abandoning the station, but the unit was switched off and the problem averted.

On June 29, the crew transferred back to the Soyuz 11 and began the return to Earth. Disaster struck when a ventilation valve was jolted open during the re-entry, depressurizing the interior of the ship. Cosmonauts at the time did not wear suits while in flight, so all three men were tragically killed.