Functional triangle seal manual

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Accept Read More. The small circle in the pin of the block represents exactly that function. Not only is it the outputs that can be inverted. The inputs can also be inverted.

Simply by putting the circle on the input pin. This block is a special case of the OR block. The input values on the OR block has to be greater than or equal to 1. If for example both inputs are true, the output of the XOR will be false, since the sum of the inputs are greater than 1.

The next two function blocks are also build using the basic blocks. They are negated blocks. It actually just means that the output of the block is negated.

Take for example the NAND block as illustrated below. As mentioned before the functionality of the NAND function block can also be obtained by negating the inputs. Negating the inputs has the same effect as negating the output. Therefore a NAND block could also look like this:. The next types of function blocks I will introduce you too are the bistable. I like to think of them as the simplest form of memory. You can either set or reset the output. The output Q remembers the last state of the set input S1.

Give S1 a pulse, and Q1 will be set. Even though S1 then changes state to false, the output will still be true. You can say that Q1 remembers if anything happened at S1. The function block body of the SR block shows that it is made up of 2 bit logic blocks. As one of the inputs on the AND function is Q1 which also acts the output for the whole block.

Many call this a flip-flop function. Q1 will remember that at some point S1 was true. This is until R or reset will be sat to true. Thereafter Q1 will be reset. The output Q1 remembers and therefore I like to think of the block as a simple memory block. In some cases you might want to output to be reset when both inputs S1 and R are true. That is why we have to RS block.

Again, this block can be derived from two basic logic blocks. There are of course several ways to remember things. And although the flip flops are a very simple way to remember, the next types of blocks might be an even simpler form of memory. Detecting edges is very useful in both PLC programming and electronics. You want to be able to count how many times you press that button. Normally you would just connect the input to a counter function block more on those later.

This time is usually very short ms. When you press a push button even though you press and release fast , the input will be on for way longer time typically ms. The input will be on for several scan cycles. Each time the PLC reaches the counter block it will count one up since the input is true.

For each time the push button is pressed the counter will count not only one up but 2, 3, 5 or even more. The one edge we can look at in a digital signal is the rising edge. Sometimes also referred to as positive edge. It happens when the signal goes from false 0 to true 1. In digital electronics when the voltage goes from 0 to 5V. The rising edge is what happens right when we push the button. When the input CLK detects a rising edge the output will be set.

But only for a brief moment, since the rising edge happens so fast. Even though the input might be true for next scan cycles, the output will not be set more than one time. The output generates a pulse when a positive or rising edge is detected. It takes a new rising edge to generate another pulse at the output. The block remembers, so to speak, if a positive edge was at the input.

So in order to set the output again the input needs to go to false and then true again. Or as in our push button example; you need to release the button and press it again. Just like the rising edges you can of course also detect falling edges. When the signal goes from true 1 to false 0 is the falling edge. Sometimes the falling edge is also called negative edge. It also works by generating a pulse at the output but with a falling edge at the input.

But you only want this to happen when the motor has already been started. So that the yellow lamp is only turned on the moment the motor stops. This can then generate a pulse to set the output for the yellow lamp.

With the previous blocks we wanted to make sure a signal was not longer than the scan time. But sometimes you will want to control the length of a signal, or when it happens. This is where timer function blocks comes into the picture.

Timers are some of the most used functions in PLC programming. They are divided into three different types of timers. If you want to know more about timers and watch how they work in a PLC simulation you can read the article about PLC timers. You will find video tutorials on both the on delay timer , off delay timer and pulse timer.

Some argue that you will only need to use one of them, because with that you can derive all timer functions. But since all three are described in IEC and are provided in most software, I would like to introduce you to them all. The first timer is called the pulse timer, because it is used to generate a pulse of a specific length.

It takes two inputs and has two outputs. So far, we have only seen function blocks where the inputs and outputs where boolean. But it is a little different with the PT and ET. They both take variables of the data type TIME. PT stands for Preset Time and is an input to the block. This is where you put the time you want to pulse at Q to be. Say you want a ventilation fan to be on for 10 minutes. You will then have to enter 10m at the PT and set the ventilation fan to the output Q.

In many cases it is then useful to see how long the fan has been running. That is what ET is used for. You can see the functionality of the pulse timer a little more detailed in the time diagram above. But instead of setting the time for the pulse, it is used to set a delay for the pulse. When the input is on the timer will start counting.

After the time PT has elapsed the output Q will be set. This is also the reason for its name. The on delay timer has the same input and output pins as the pulse timer.

And again, it still has the ET to see how much time has elapsed. It is exactly this timer that some people claim is the only one you need. But before explaining why, let me introduce you to the third and last type of timer. But with one big difference. In the moment the input is set to true, the output will be set. As long as the input stays true the output will stay on until the PT time has elapsed. After that time the output will be turned off.

At first, this off delay timer may seem very similar to the pulse timer PT. They also are, but with one crucial difference. The output of the pulse timer will be on for PT time even though the input turns to false in the middle of the timing. This is because the timer looks for a rising edge at the input. With the off delay timer though the time will stop counting if the input comes back.

These three timers are the official ones described in IEC Technically you can build all of them by using only the on-delay timer.

This is done with a little bit of ladder logic. The next type of function blocks have not only an input and an output more. They also take another data type. Counting is very fundamental to PLC programming. How many products has the machine produced? In which step of the sequence is the tool? There are many reasons to use counters in a PLC program. IEC provides three different standard counter blocks.

One for counting up, one for counting down, and one for counting either up or down. This counter block has three inputs and two outputs. Although this seems like a lot, they are all necessary to be able to count. But before looking at the details of each input and output, let me just briefly explain how the up counter block works. The input CU looks for a rising edge.

When that happens the output CV is increased by 1. To be able to do that, the output CV needs to take another data type: integer. Both the input PV and the output CV are of the data type integer. PV is the limit for when the boolean output Q is set. The reset R input is used to set the value CV to 0.

We usually start counting up from 0 because, in that way, the output CV will always represent the number of pulses that occurred on CU. It is not only a useful thing to count up.

Sometimes you will also need to count down. Often you will want you PLC program to do an operation a certain amount of times. Here, the down counter comes in very handy. It works exactly like the up counter, but instead of counting one up, it counts 1 down. This brings me to another difference between the up and down counter. Where to count from? When counting up we usually just count from 0. But when counting up we need to set some value we can count down from.

That is why we have to input LD. It can sometimes be practical to be able to count both up and down. That is why the IEC also provides an official block for counting both up and down. The counter has 5 inputs and 3 outputs.

All of them has the same names as the inputs and outputs on the previous counter blocks. This block is a combination of the two previous blocks. This code can look a bit complicated at first. But it really just is a combination of the up and the down counter. Each of the outputs QU and QD are set with the same conditions as with the two previous counter blocks. I like to think of the next type of function blocks as asking questions. Is A equal to B?

Is CV greater than PV? It is time to compare some numbers! Take for example the OR block that compared two boolean inputs. If the total of them were equal to 1, the output would be set. Now, it is not only boolean data types we can compare in FBD.

In fact, we can compare all real numbers sorry mathematicians, no imaginary yet and most data types. This is not only handy, I will also promise you that it is something that you will use a lot. Basic for all the comparison blocks is that they all have two or more inputs and one output. The inputs can take up any elementary data type and the output is boolean.

You have to be careful when comparing data types, because it can be a bit tricky. The equality function block is used to see if two variables are equal to each other. If so, the output will be set. I like to think of the block as asking this question:. Although this block might seem simple, you have to be a bit careful with what data types you compare here.

Comparing integers with this block is probably the data type you will use the most. IN1 would then be the step variable and IN2 would be The three dots between the two inputs are there to illustrate that this block can take more than two inputs.

For the output to be set, all of the inputs has to be equal. This function is described like this using structured text:. Comparing other data types with equality can cause some problems though. If you try to use equality to compare an analog value real data type to another real data type, you will see that it is very unlikely that they will ever equal each other.

For this block to set the output requires the two inputs to be exactly equal to each other. Remember that real data types are floating-point numbers. You may want something to happen when the temperature reaches 80 degrees. But if you use real numbers here the temperature has to equal For this type of comparison, it is better to use a combination of compare blocks. In that way, you can compare it to a range of numbers and not just one. Of course you could just negate the output of the equality block.

But that would be rather confusing. The block works in the same way as the previous but checking for inequality instead of equality. The question to remember the functionality of this block could be:. But only as long as they are not equal. As soon as the inputs are equal the output will be turned off. To you who are already familiar with structured text you will know the symbol for inequality.

It is similar to what in many programming languages is noted like this:! If you remember before we had a problem with comparing real data types with equality. This and the next block might be the solution to that. Because with this block we can check if a variable is within a range of numbers. Officially this block is called increasing sequence.

But less than is a way more simple name to remember it by. Think of it as asking this question:. It is basically checking if the value of the first input is less smaller than the value of the second input. The block works very well with real numbers since you can easily check if e. Just like the equality block you can extend this block with more than two inputs. When doing that the official name makes a whole lot more sense. Because with multiple inputs the values of those has to make up an increasing sequence of values.

In1 has to be less than IN2, that has to be less than IN3 and so on. The function can be described textually like this:. When you can make an increasing sequence you can of course also make a decreasing sequence. Or put in more simple words.

You can also check if some value is greater than another value. The question this block asks is this:. But just like the previous block, this block can also take more than two inputs. Each text input has to be smaller than the previous, thereby creating a decreasing sequence.